At the Battle of
Midway in 1942, the United States Navy faced a looming disaster of
unprecedented proportions. The heroic willingness to sacrifice his life, and those of his air group, enabled Lt. Cmdr. Wade McClusky to snatch
victory from defeat. His actions had incalculable impact on WW II, including
the fate of the British at Suez, the Russians at Stalingrad and the Chinese at
the terminus of the Burma Road.
There would have
been no invasion of Guadalcanal. The state of Israel would have remained a
dream.
The Big E, by Edward Stafford,
1962, Page 109
USS ENTERPRISE ACTION
REPORT 4-6 JUNE
ENTERPRISE Air
Group, both pilots and gunners, displayed a spirit of utter fearlessness, resolution
and determination throughout all air actions. This spirit, though shared by
pilots and gunners alike, found its highest expression in the person of the Air
Group Commander, Lt Cmdr. C.W. McClusky, Jr. U.S.N. On June 4, prior to
intercepting the main enemy forces, it was his decision, and his decision
alone, that made the attack possible which led to the destruction of a major
part of the enemy forces. It is the considered opinion of the Commanding
Officer that the success of our forces hinged upon this attack. Any other
action on the part of Lt Cmdr. McClusky would inevitably have led to
irreparable loss to our forces. (Signed) G. D. MURRAY June 13, 1942
USS Enterprise |
Meditate for a moment on the last sentence of his timely report issued a week after the Battle.As this last sentence indicates, when Admiral Spruance brought the Enterprise and Hornet close enough to launch our attack aircraft against the Japanese our ships were necessarily within range of a Japanese counterstrike.
PLANNING TO AMBUSH THE JAPANESE CARRIERS
In the evening of May 27, the CinCPac and task force staffs held a joint conference under the direction of Admiral Draemel to hammer out battle plans. Present, among others, were Admirals Fletcher and Spruance, Commander Layton, and the operations officers: Captain McMorris from CinCPac, Commander William H. Buracker from Task Force 16, and Commander Walter G. Schindler from Task Force 17. The guiding principles were that the Americans, with inferior forces but presumably better information concerning the opposition, must achieve surprise, must get the jump on the enemy, and must catch the enemy carriers in a vulnerable state. It was assumed that the Japanese Striking Force would begin launching at dawn - attack planes southward toward Midway, search planes north, east, and south. At that hour the American task forces, on course southwest through the night, should be 200 miles north of Midway, ready to launch on receiving the first report from U.S. search planes of the location, course, and speed of the enemy. With good timing and good luck they would catch the Japanese carriers with half their planes away attacking Midway. With better timing and better luck they might catch the enemy carriers while they were recovering the Midway attack group. That the Americans might catch the Japanese carriers in the highly vulnerable state of rearming and refueling the recovered planes was almost too much to hope for.
NIMITZ,
by E.B Potter, Pages 86-87
MAP OF THE ATTACK
Lt. Cmdr. Wade McClusky was the right
man in the right place at the right time to lead the Enterprise Air Group into battle that morning. He was a 40 year old
Annapolis trained career naval officer and pilot. In the early carrier raids by
Admiral Halsey on the Japanese held Marshall Islands he flew the Wildcat
F4F fighter plane. He was one of the Navy’s best fighter pilots.
With the planned ambush the ‘Principle of Calculate
Risk’ was abandoned. Our Navy was going ‘all in’. If we had not succeeded in
incapacitating the enemy flight decks with our first strike it was inevitable
that our carriers would be subject to smashing blows from the longer ranging
squadrons of dive bombers and torpedo planes from all four of the Japanese
carriers.
MAP OF THE ATTACK
After 13 years of flying for the Navy he was proficient in
piloting all types of attack aircraft. It is reported that Halsey commented, “Wade, you are too old to be flying fighter planes.”
However, Wade
McClusky put in a sterling performance as leader that day from takeoff until he
stood back aboard Enterprise, dripping blood as he made his combat report to Admiral
Spruance.
The pilots of
the Enterprise were in their ready
room at 4:30 AM on that sober morning of June 4th, 1942, well aware
that they were facing a major battle.
Midway-The Waiting Is Over
As Wednesday turned into Thursday, 4 June,
Fletcher's Striking Force steamed southward at an economical 13.5 knots, the
two carrier task forces remaining about 10 miles apart. First light (around
0430) was to see Striking Force at a point bearing 013 degrees, 202 miles from
Midway. This constituted the famous flank ambush position planned by Nimitz,
Fletcher, and Spruance. They expected the Japanese carriers to roar down on
Midway from the northwest and launch a massive air strike at dawn to pummel the
island's defenses.
The First Team by John Lundstrom, Page 413
But the waiting was not over. Unforeseen events occurred to complicate their well-planned mission. Admiral Fletcher elected to launch routine defensive searches of the sea 100 miles to his north. At 0430 hours he abandoned the ambush position. Task Forces 16 and 17 steamed southeast at high speed into a light 4 knot wind to launch his CAP and the SBD search planes. Destroyers consumed strategic fuel as they raced to keep up.
Still, his flight was low on fuel when he approached the point at which he expected to find the enemy carriers. There was not a ship in sight.
At 0917 a jubilant Admiral Nagumo had recovered his Midway attack aircraft, and turned the Kido Butai fleet to steam northwest at high speed. He planned to close in and smash the U.S. carriers, which had been located. While this maneuver frustrated McClusky it brought the Japanese within easy range for Max Leslie and the small force of 13 effective dive bombers from the Yorktown. Admiral Fletcher had held back half of his dive bombers and most of his fighters to defend his flagship, the Yorktown.
McClusky knew
what was at stake and took his squadrons to the “point of no return” in his
determination to save his ship and shipmates. He had been fully briefed on
Admiral Nimitz’s original plan to ambush the Japanese carriers as they were
occupied attacking Midway. He suspected that the torpedo plane attacks would
probably prove futile and that the survival of our carriers depended on the
dive bombers incapacitating the flight decks of the Japanese carriers before
they could launch their counterattacks.
"The SBDs had been airborne for nearly two and
a half hours and were at the limit of their combat radius. Even if he were to
order an immediate return he knew that he might not get them back before their
fuel ran out. But out here somewhere was the heart of the enemy’s naval
strength and in the echelons of Dauntlesses at McClusky’s back was the power to
destroy it. He had to find the enemy if he put every plane in the ocean. But he
could lose them all for nothing by searching in the wrong direction."
The Big E, by Edward Stafford, Page 99
Report by Lt. Cmdr. Wade McClusky, Enterprise CV 6
“I then broke radio silence and reported the
contact to the Enterprise. Immediately thereafter I gave attack
instructions to my group. Picking the two nearest carriers in the line of
approach, I ordered Scouting Six to follow my section in attacking the carrier
on the immediate left and Bombing Six to take the right-hand carrier.”
Postwar, Lt. Dick Best, as an excuse for his own
undisciplined behavior, accused McClusky of not following fleet doctrine in assigning
targets. This is not true.
Target assignments were made in
accordance with fleet doctrine laid down for Group Attacks on Page 121 of
USF-74 Section 3-101… “The Group Commander will direct
distribution of the targets, taking into consideration the results of attacks
previously made.”
Again,
USF-74 Page 139, Section 3-207, states… “In all of the above attacks the group
commanders will determine and direct the distribution of targets to the squadrons
of their respective groups.”
There was
confusion but it was not caused by McClusky. His performance was flawless.
It was no
mean feat for McClusky to maneuver his squadrons to the proper spot over a
target from which to launch a dive from 16,000 feet, taking into
consideration the sun, wind, course and speed of the target. He had been flying the
navy's planes for 13 years and had participated in many simulated attacks. He
had from March to June to refresh his dive bombing technique. He was looking straight down at the Kaga as his Dauntless tracked a 70 degree flight path because of lift on the wings. And he only
missed the Kaga by 10 feet, "rattling her to her bilges". Not
bad for an old man and better than the drops of so many of the younger pilots
who missed the Kaga completely.
At 1000 AM that morning the United States Fleet had been in danger of losing the Battle of Midway. Suddenly, by 1020 AM the Battle had been won. While the Enterprise dive bombers smashed the Kaga and the Akagi, the 13 dive bombers from Yorktown took out the Soryu. The fourth Japanese carrier, Hiryu, was not attacked at that time but was sunk by 24 unescorted dive bombers later in the day despite being harassed by Zeros before, during and after their attack. Meanwhile Hiryu aircraft had fatally smashed the Yorktown.
After pulling out of his dive on the Kaga, McClusky was attacked by two Japanese Zero fighters. As a skilled fighter pilot himself he was able to dog fight the Zeros for ten minutes until his gunner shot down one and the other quit. His SBD was shot up, the instrument panel smashed, and he suffered seven wounds. Still he landed safely back on the Enterprise.
"RADM W. H. Buracker, USN was at the time a
Commander, naval aviator, and serving as Operations Officer on the Enterprise, He was present when McClusky climbed down from his cockpit and walked up to the bridge to report to Admiral Spruance, bringing with him his plotting board. In the
letter to me, Buracker wrote
"Wade McClusky more than any other individual {deserves} the major credit for the success at Midway."
"Wade McClusky more than any other individual {deserves} the major credit for the success at Midway."
As my dissertation goes on
to say, "McClusky completed his report when Commander Walter F. Boone,
prospective Executive Officer of the ENTERPRISE, exclaimed,
'My God, Mac, you've
been shot.'
Boone had noticed blood running down the pilot's left hand, and
dripping onto the Admiral's metal deck. McClusky was taken below to sickbay." Email to author from Robert E. Barde
More than half the dive bombers were lost.
Nobody knows how many were shot down and how many went down at sea for lack of
fuel.
Ensign Gay,
the sole survivor of Torpedo Squadron Eight, was hailed as the hero of the
Battle of Midway. Gay was lionized by Hollywood, traveled the country selling
War Bonds, and appeared on the cover of Life
Magazine. With each telling his story was embellished beyond reason. Several books have been written about him and Torpedo Squadron
Eight.
As late as
the mid-fifties documentaries Victory at
Sea and Crusade in the Pacific
still showed all four of the Japanese carriers being sunk by torpedo bombers.
Here is a film clip:
Lt. Cmdr.
Wade McClusky recovered from his wounds and went back to sea as the skipper of
an escort carrier. The importance of his actions at the Battle were never fully acknowledged. In 1986, ten years after his death, the Navy named a frigate
after him!
Crediting the torpedo planes with the victory could
not have been a simple mistake. Why hide the truth more than ten years after
the Battle. Even today, 72
years after the Battle of Midway, important documents remain classified ‘for
security reasons’. Misleading magazine
articles are published based on unsupported facts that suppress the role played
by McClusky and the dive bombers. Instead the articles glorify the admirals, torpedo bombers, and
Ensign Gay.
After 75 years the City of Buffalo has erected a memorial statue to their home town hero.
George J. Walsh
Lt. Cmdr. USNR (ret)
Revised August 12, 2019
Wade McClusky biography available from Amazon
https://www.amazon.com/McClusky-Battle-Midway-David-Rigby/dp/1472834739/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=mcclusky&qid=1565630393&s=books&sr=1-1
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